Deferred Horror Close to Home

May 31, 2024

I’ve recent­ly learned that the bombs used for the most dead­liest bomb­ing raid in his­to­ry were made here in South Jer­sey, in a secret muni­tions plant in the mid­dle of the pine bar­rens out­side Mays Landing.

While we typ­i­cal­ly think of Hiroshi­ma and Nagasa­ki as the defin­ing hor­rors of World War 2 bomb­ing, the March 9, 1945 fire­bomb­ing of Tokyo is gen­er­al­ly thought to have been more dead­ly. As this arti­cle writes, “Three hun­dred B29 bombers dropped near­ly 500,000 cylin­ders of napalm and petro­le­um jel­ly on the most dense­ly pop­u­lat­ed areas of Tokyo.” The bombs killed an esti­mat­ed 100,000 peo­ple accord­ing to Wikipedia, though the round­ness of that num­ber hints at the fact that death tolls for city-obliterating bomb­ings are all guesswork.

There are some well-known ruins of ear­ly twentieth-century muni­tion plants in South Jer­sey. The most well-known is the World-War-I-era Beth­le­hem Load­ing plant in Estell Manor, which is locat­ed in what is now one of the loveli­est parks in the coun­ty, amidst nature trails and beau­ti­ful views of rivers and tidal marsh­es. The ruins are cool and in this bucol­ic set­ting, it’s easy to for­get that their prod­ucts result­ed in thou­sands of deaths.

The Tokyo napalm was made else­where, though, at the Nation­al Fire­works plant north­west of Mays Land­ing. I’ve only just learned of it via Red­dit and haven’t gone back there. From pic­tures the ruins look unre­mark­able (and right now is the height of tick sea­son so I’m not trudg­ing back there). The plant pro­duced M69 napalm clus­ter bombs, built not to explode but to set cities aflame. From the book Twi­light of the Gods:

The work­horse of the fire­bomb­ing raids was the M69 napalm incen­di­ary sub­mu­ni­tion, clus­tered in a 500-pound E46 cylin­dri­cal finned bomb. Near­ly all had been pro­duced at a remote and secret plant in the Pine Bar­rens of New Jer­sey, about 15 miles inland from Atlantic City. Each M69 sub­mu­ni­tion or “bomblet” was essen­tial­ly a cheese­cloth sock filled with jel­lied gaso­line, insert­ed into a lead pipe. Thirty-eight M69s were clus­tered togeth­er in an E46, bound by a strap that burst open on a timed fuse. The clus­ters were timed to open at 2,000 feet above the ground. Three-foot cot­ton gauze stream­ers trailed behind each bomblet, caus­ing them to dis­perse over an area with a diam­e­ter of about 1,000 feet. On impact with the ground, a sec­ond fuse det­o­nat­ed and an ejec­tion charge fired glob­ules of flam­ing napalm to a radius of about 100 feet. What­ev­er these glob­ules hit-walls, roofs, human skin- they adhered and burned at a tem­per­a­ture of 1,000 degrees Fahren­heit for eight to ten min­utes, long enough to start rag­ing fires in the teem­ing, close-built wood and paper neigh­bor­hoods at the heart of all Japan­ese cities.”

While Hiroshi­ma and Nagasa­ki are right­ly remem­bered for ush­er­ing into the nuclear age — a sin­gle mod­ern weapon could kill mil­lions—the Tokyo bomb­ing seems to have been dead­lier and it cer­tain­ly set a prece­dent, that it was accept­able to destroy entire cities full of civil­ians for mil­i­tary goals. 

Kindertransport survivors call for routes to sanctuary for child refugees

November 17, 2018

At an 80th anniver­sary of the UK kinder­trans­port pro­gram (which we read about a few days ago), sur­vivors and Friends call for wider sup­port for today’s refugees and asy­lum seekers:

Helen Drew­ery, Head of Wit­ness and Wor­ship for Quak­ers in Britain, wel­com­ing all to Friends House, said, “We are pleased to be host­ing an event which hon­ours all those – includ­ing Quak­ers who put the Kinder­trans­port into effect. Their endeav­ours are being echoed today by near­ly 100 Quak­er meet­ings across Britain which have iden­ti­fied them­selves as Sanc­tu­ary Meet­ings and are sup­port­ing peo­ple who have fled from dan­ger in their home coun­tries. We are glad that these Meet­ings and the peo­ple they are sup­port­ing are rep­re­sent­ed at today’s event. We join them in press­ing for more safe passages.” 

http://​www​.ekkle​sia​.co​.uk/​n​o​d​e​/​2​7​200

The gray wave that wasn’t

November 7, 2018

Back in March, Friends Jour­nal and the Earl­ham School of Reli­gion co-hosted an online dis­cus­sion with six Quak­er can­di­dates for con­gres­sion­al seats. The idea and coor­di­na­tion came from the awe­some Greg Woods. I went to see just how high the 2018 “gray wave” had crested.

Spoil­ers: no wave. Four of the can­di­dates didn’t make it out of the pri­maries and a fifth was run­ning as an inde­pen­dent in a long-shot can­di­da­cy. The one can­di­date to win major-party pri­ma­ry was the awe­some Shaw­na Roberts1 of Bar­nesville, Ohio. Shawna’s one of the most down-to-earth, real, peo­ple I know and it was a lot of fun to fol­low her cam­paign. Her twit­ter feed has been a hoot:

Unfor­tu­nate­ly Shaw­na only got about 30 per­cent of the vote yes­ter­day. This elec­tion was not kind to Democ­rats in rur­al dis­tricts like south­east Ohio’s 6 and she was run­ning against an incum­bent. From my van­tage point 30 per­cent seems pret­ty good, though as my sev­enth grade math teacher used to intone in his weary bari­tone, close only counts in horse­shoes and hand grenades. 2 Still, the prospect of a Mrs Roberts Goes to Wash­ing­ton win had me hop­ing against the odds. I’d love to see her con­tin­ue to be involved: 2020 is only two years away.

Stats on everyone’s results are at the updat­ed Quak­ers in Pol­i­tics page. For any­one won­der­ing about Quak­er politi­cians, Paul Buck­ley had a nice overview of our com­pli­cat­ed rela­tion­ship to vot­ing a few years ago.

The freedom to seek sanctuary

November 1, 2018

From Lucy Dun­can at the Amer­i­can Friends Ser­vice Commitee:

What if, instead of char­ac­ter­iz­ing folks seek­ing home as “threats” or “invaders,” we under­stood them to be our neigh­bors, that our futures are inter­locked and that how they are treat­ed is con­nect­ed to the well-being of us all? What if we under­stood love as not con­strained by bor­ders or walls, but abun­dant, and that car­ing for one anoth­er and those most vio­lat­ed by sys­temic oppres­sion is the path­way toward lib­er­a­tion for us all? What if we, as peo­ple of con­science and faith, greet­ed the migrants at the bor­der as our broth­ers, sis­ters, and kin, opened our homes and com­mu­ni­ties to them, and greet­ed them as resource­ful con­trib­u­tors to fig­ur­ing out the plan­e­tary threats we cur­rent­ly face together? 

https://​www​.afsc​.org/​b​l​o​g​s​/​a​c​t​i​n​g​-​i​n​-​f​a​i​t​h​/​f​r​e​e​d​o​m​-​t​o​-​s​e​e​k​-​s​a​n​c​t​u​a​r​y​-​q​u​a​k​e​r​-​p​e​r​s​p​e​c​t​i​v​e​-​m​i​g​r​a​n​t​-​c​a​r​a​van

Bathrooms as hospitality ministry

July 31, 2018

Macken­zie Mor­gan reminds us that some kinds of hos­pi­tal­i­ty begin in our church bathrooms:

Now imag­ine a par­ent with a scream­ing baby sud­den­ly real­iz­ing they for­got the dia­per bag at home. Imag­ine it’s their first time at your meet­ing. Many peo­ple are self-conscious about their baby cry­ing, espe­cial­ly with unpro­grammed worship.

Bath­rooms as hos­pi­tal­i­ty ministry

Meeting as Covenant Community

June 24, 2018

Steven Davi­son, writ­ing in his blog, Through the Flam­ing Sword:

The pur­pose of a covenant com­mu­ni­ty is to pro­vide a home for this trans­form­ing work. That means that join­ing a meet­ing that is a covenant com­mu­ni­ty invites rad­i­cal engage­ment with our spir­i­tu­al lives on the part of our fel­low mem­bers, who are to be the vehi­cles for God’s trans­form­ing work.

Meet­ing as Covenant Community

Quakers and Mental Health

March 29, 2018

Well this one hits home for me. The new Quak­er­S­peak talks to Ore­gon social work­er Melody George in the top­ic of Quak­ers and Men­tal Health:

I real­ly see men­tal diver­si­ty as a gift to a com­mu­ni­ty, and that the folks that I serve and that I’ve worked with are very resilient. If they tell you their sto­ries about how they’ve got­ten through their trau­mat­ic sit­u­a­tions and what’s helped them to keep going, faith is a huge part of that. And we have a lot to learn from their strength and resilience.

My fam­i­ly has had very avoid­able and out-of-nowhere con­flicts at two reli­gious spaces — one a Friends meet­ing and the oth­er a Pres­by­ter­ian church — over easy acco­mo­da­tions for my son Fran­cis. It seems like many of the dynam­ics that we’ve seen are not dis­sim­i­lar to those that keep oth­ers out of meet­ing com­mu­ni­ties. Who are we will­ing to adapt for? Is com­fort and famil­iar­i­ty our main goal?

Melody also wrote for Friends Jour­nal a few years ago, Imag­in­ing a Trauma-informed Quak­er Com­mu­ni­ty.